Beyond the clinic, this field plays a vital role in agriculture and wildlife conservation.

Historically, veterinary training was rooted in comparative anatomy and pharmacology. Behavior was often dismissed as "temperament" or, worse, "willfulness." If a dog bit a vet, the solution was a muzzle or a sedative. If a horse refused to stand for an injection, it was labeled "vicious."

Smart collars track changes in sleep patterns, scratching, and heart rate variability, allowing veterinarians to monitor pain and anxiety levels remotely.

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