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In 2012, a prominent group of cognitive neuroscientists signed the . The document unequivocally stated that non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, possess the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors.

Animal welfare is a science-based approach focused on the well-being of the animal. It operates under the premise that it is acceptable for humans to use animals for food, research, and companionship, provided that the animals are treated humanely and their physical and mental needs are met. In 2012, a prominent group of cognitive neuroscientists

Despite progress, challenges and controversies persist: It operates under the premise that it is

Globally, laws are shifting to recognize animals not just as property, but as sentient beings. This movement often advocates for: The abolition of

From an animal rights perspective, the goal isn't just to make the cages bigger—it’s to empty them. This movement often advocates for: The abolition of animal testing in all forms. A shift toward plant-based diets (veganism).