For simpler cases, a class decorator can replace a metaclass:
In Python, classes are not just blueprints; they are first-class objects. Because they are objects, something must create them. That "something" is a metaclass. By default, the metaclass for all Python objects is type . Understanding type as a Callable python 3 deep dive part 4 oop
Take self as the first argument, operating on specific instances. For simpler cases, a class decorator can replace
Python classes can behave like built-in types by implementing special methods, usually surrounded by double underscores. __str__ : Defines behavior for str() . __repr__ : Defines behavior for repr() . __add__ : Defines behavior for the + operator. __eq__ : Defines behavior for equality checks == . 7. Advanced Concepts: Metaclasses By default, the metaclass for all Python objects is type
class DateConverter: def __init__(self, year, month, day): self.year = year self.month = month self.day = day @classmethod def from_string(cls, date_str): """Factory method to parse 'YYYY-MM-DD'""" year, month, day = map(int, date_str.split("-")) return cls(year, month, day) @staticmethod def is_valid_year(year): """Utility function decoupled from internal state""" return 1900 <= year <= 2100 Use code with caution. 5. Advanced Inheritance and the MRO
class Engine: def start(self): pass
class Drawable(Protocol): def draw(self) -> None: ...